INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
The History of India begins with Indus Valley civilization which thrived in the age of 3500 BC to 1800 BC. The Indus valley civilization is also known as Harppan culture after the name of Harappa (where it was first discovered).
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF INDUS VALLEY
There are no significant leader known from this civilization.
 |
| Political System |
The above picture represent the political system prevailed in Indus Valley civilization.
ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF INDUS VALLEY
The Indus Valley civilization appears to have significantly developed on trade which was facilitated by advances in transport. Its citizen practiced Agriculture, domesticated animals, made sharp tools and traded in terracotta pots, beads, gold and
silver, colored gem stones such as turquoise and lapis lazuli, metals, flints,
seashells and pearls. They used to ships to reach Mesopotamia where they sold
gold, copper and jewelry.MAHAJANAPADAS
Around 600 BC the Mahajanapadas came into power in India. For the first time they minted punch-marked silver coins. These silver coins were used for trading and for other purposes.This period was
marked by intensive trade activity and urban development.
The improved infrastructure combined with
increased security, greater uniformity in measurements, and increasing usage of
coins as currency enhanced trade. For the
next 1500 years, India produced its its classical difference from classical civilizations which
generated wealth in huge amount. Between 1st and 17th centuries AD, India is
estimated to have had the largest economy of the ancient and medieval world,
controlling between one third and one fourth of the world's wealth.
MUGHAL PERIOD
The mughal ruled India during the period of 1526-1858 AD. During their period India experienced extraordinary prosperity in
history. The Gross Domestic Product of India during that period was 25.1% of world economy.
An estimate of India's pre-colonial economy puts
the annual revenue of Emperor Akbar's treasury in 1600 AD at
£17.5 million (in contrast to the entire treasury of Great Britain two hundred years
later in 1800 AD, which totalled £16 million). India stood as the Second largest in world economy. They enforced a uniform customs and
tax-administration system.
During 18th century the mughal"s were replaced by Marathas and thus Mughal period came into end.
BRITISH RULE
The British imperial empire began to grow in India in the middle of 18th Century. The phase of decline of Indian industry set in. The British East India Company whose political power gradually expanded in India from 1757 onwards, used huge revenue generated by the provinces under its rule for purchasing Indian raw materials, spices and goods. Thus the continuous inflow of bullion that used to come into India on account of foreign trade stopped altogether. The Colonial government used land revenue for waging wars in India and Europe leaving little for development of India.
The ruthless exploitation
under British colonial rule completely devastated India‟s economy. India‟s
population was subject to frequent famines, had one of the world's lowest life expediencies, suffered from
pervasive malnutrition and was largely illiterate. As per British
economist, Angus Maddison India's share of the
world income went from 27% in 1700 AD (compared to Europe's share of 23%) to 3%
in 1950.
INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
India got independence from British at 1947. After the Independence the process of rebuilding the economy started.
India went for centralized planning. India followed democratic political system in which President of India is head of state and Prime Minister is the head of Government. The Government are formed through elections which are held every five years. Other than Prime minister and President Cabinet Minister were elected who act as the adviser for Prime Minister.
After the independence India had its first election in 1951. From 1951 till now for every five years Prime Ministers and Presides were selected who lead India to glory. Each leader at each phase played a great part in developing India to a greater extent. Each leader acted as the pillar stone for the growth of this country.
India is a union of 29 states and 7 union territory and each state has its own Chief Minister who is the head of the state.
PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA
Prime Minister act as the head of the Government, Chief General to the President, head of the Council of Ministers and lead of Majority party in the Parliament. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. They have the power to select and dismiss members of the Cabinet. The persons who has been elected as Prime minister of India after Independence are-
|
PRIME MINISTERS OF
INDIA
|
||||
|
NO
|
NAME
|
PORTRAIT
|
TERM OF OFFICE
|
|
|
1
|
JAWAHARLAL
NEHRU
|
|
15
August 1947
|
27
May 1964
|
|
2
|
GULZARILAL
NANDHA
|
.jpg) |
27
May 1964
|
09
June 1964
|
|
3
|
LAL
BAHADUR SHASTRI
|
 |
09
June 1964
|
11
January 1966
|
|
(2)
|
GULZARILAL
NANDHA
|
|
11
January 1966
|
24
January 1966
|
|
4
|
INDRA
GANDHI
|
.jpg) |
11
January 1966
|
24
March 1977
|
|
5
|
MORARJI
DESAI
|
.png) |
24
March 1977
|
28
June 1979
|
|
6
|
CHARAN
SINGH
|
.jpg) |
24
March 1977
|
14
January 1980
|
|
(4)
|
INDRA
GANDHI
|
|
14
January 1980
|
31
October 1984
|
|
7
|
RAJIV
GANDHI
|
.jpg) |
24
March 1984
|
02
December 1989
|
|
8
|
V.P.SINGH
|
.jpg) |
02
December 1989
|
10
November 1990
|
|
9
|
CHANDRA
SHEKHAR
|
.jpg) |
10
November 1990
|
21
June 1991
|
|
10
|
P.V.NARASIMHA
RAO
|
 |
21
June 1991
|
16
May 1996
|
|
11
|
ATAL
BIHARI VAJPAYEE
|
.jpg) |
16
May 1996
|
1
June 1996
|
|
12
|
H.D.DEVA
GOWDA
|
 |
1
June 1996
|
21
April 1997
|
|
13
|
I.K.GUJRAL
|
.jpg) |
21
APRIL 1997
|
19
March 1998
|
|
(11)
|
ATAL
BIHARI VAJPAYEE
|
|
19
March 1998
|
22
may 2004
|
|
14
|
MANMOHAN
SINGH
|
.jpg) |
22
may 2004
|
26
May 2014
|
|
15
|
NARENDRA
MODI
|
.jpg) |
26
May 2014
|
Incumbent
|
PRESIDENTS OF INDIA
The Presiden of India is the head of state and first citizen of India. The president is also the COmmander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Force. The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament house, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and also members of the vidhan sabha, the state legislate assemblies.
|
PRESIDENTS OF INDIA
|
||
|
Term
|
Name
|
Period
|
|
1
|
Rajendra
Prasad
|
26-Jan-1950
to 13-May-1962
|
|
2
|
Sarvepalli
Radhakrishnan
|
13-May-1962
to 13-May-1967
|
|
3
|
Zakir
Hussain
|
13-May-1967
to 3-May-1969
|
|
Varahagiri
Venkata Giri
|
3-May-1969
to 20-Jul-1969
|
|
|
Muhammad
Hidayatullah
|
20-Jul-1969
to 24-Aug-1969
|
|
|
4
|
Varahagiri
Venkata Giri
|
24-Aug-1969
to 24-Aug-1974
|
|
5
|
Fakhruddin
Ali Ahmed
|
24-Aug-1974
to 11-Feb-1977
|
|
Basappa
Danappa Jatti
|
11-Feb-1977
to 25-Jul-1977
|
|
|
6
|
Neelam
Sanjiva Reddy
|
25-Jul-1977
to 25-Jul-1982
|
|
7
|
Giani
Zail Singh
|
25-Jul-1982
to 25-Jul-1987
|
|
8
|
Ramaswamy
Venkataraman
|
25-Jul-1987
to 25-Jul-1992
|
|
9
|
Shankar
Dayal Sharma
|
25-Jul-1992
to 25-Jul-1997
|
|
10
|
Kocheril
Raman Narayanan
|
25-Jul-1997
to 25-Jul-2002
|
|
11
|
A.
P. J. Abdul Kalam
|
25-Jul-2002
to 25-Jul-2007
|
|
12
|
Pratibha
Patil
|
25-Jul-2007
to 25-Jul-2012
|
|
13
|
Pranab
Mukherjee
|
25-Jul-2012
to Till now
|
STEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT AFTER INDEPENDENCE
1950-1979
The Five Year Plans which successfully transformed
erstwhile USSR were made a tool for development. First five year plan for the
development of Indian economy came into implementation in 1952.
Being largely a agrarian
economy, invest-
-ments were made in creation of irrigation facilities,
construction of dams and laying infrastructure. Due importance was given to
establishment of modern industries, modern scientific and technological
institutes, development of space and nuclear programmes. However, despite all
efforts on economic front, the country did not develop at rapid pace largely
due to lack of capital formation, cold war politics, defense expenditure, and
rise in population and inadequate infrastructure. From 1951 to 1979, the
economy grew at an average rate of about 3.1 percent a year in constant prices,
or at an annual rate of 1.0 percent per capita. During this period, industry
grew at an average rate of 4.5 percent a year, compared with an annual average
of 3.0 percent for agriculture.
1980-1990
The rate of growth improved in the 1980s.
From FY 1980 to FY 1989, the economy grew at an annual rate of 5.5 percent, or
3.3 percent on a per capita basis. Industry grew at an annual rate of 6.6
percent and agriculture at a rate of 3.6 percent. A high rate of investment was
a major factor in improved economic growth. Investment went from about 19
percent of GDP in the early 1970s to nearly 25 percent in the early 1980s.
Private savings had financed most of India's investment, but by the mid-1980s
further growth in private savings was difficult because they were already at
quite a high level. As a result, during the late 1980s India relied
increasingly on borrowing from foreign sources. This trend led to a balance of
payments crisis in 1990; in order to receive new loans, the government had no
choice but to agree to further measures of economic liberalization. This
commitment to economic reform was reaffirmed by the government that came to
power in June 1991.
Liberalisation and
its effects (1991 Onwards) :
While commending his first budget in 1991 Dr
Manmohan Singh had quoted
Victor
Hugo and said, “No power on earth can stop an idea whose time has come. The
emergence of India as a major economic power in the world happens to be one
such idea”. Since then economy has progressed immensely with GDP progressing at
the rate of 6-8% per annum. The GDP (nominal) has grown from US$ 267.52 billion
in 1992 to US$ 1.85 trillion in 2012. India is third largest economy of the
world and a preferred FDI destination. India‟s foreign trade reached US$ 785
billion in 2012. India‟s major industries include information technology,
telecommunications, textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation
equipment, engineering goods, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software
and pharmaceuticals. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oil seed, cotton, jute, tea,
sugarcane, potatoes, cattle, sheep, goats, poultry and fish. In 2011–2012,
India's top five trading partners are China, United
Arab Emirates, United States, Saudi Arabia and Switzerland. The percentage
share of various sectors in the economy in the year 2011-12 is given below. The
high contribution of services and manufacturing sector indicates the huge
progress made by Indian economy since its Independence when it was
predominantly agrarian economy (59% in 1951).
|
Percentage Share in
GDP in
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
1950-51
|
2011-12
|
|
|
|
|
Primary Sector |
59.0
|
16.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
Secondary Sector
|
13.0
|
24.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tertiary sector or Service Sector
|
28.0
|
59.0
|
|
|
|
|
India is a leading country in services sector so much so that she is referred to as „the back office of the world‟. However, India has made significant progress in various spheres of science and technology over the years and can now take pride in having a strong network of S&T institutions, trained manpower and an innovative knowledge base. India has already become hub for manufacturing of small cars and engineering goods. The Government had devised the National Manufacturing Policy (NMP) in 2011 with an aim to enhance the share of manufacturing in India's GDP to 25 per cent and add at least 100 million jobs by 2025. India is poised to become the second largest economy in manufacturing by 2017, followed by Brazil as the third ranked country, according to consulting major Deloitte. The manufacturing exports from India could increase to about US$ 300 billion by 2015, according to a report titled 'Made in India-the Next Big Manufacturing Export Story', jointly prepared by industry body CII and McKinsey. McKinsey analysis finds that rising demand in India, together with the multinationals‟ desire to diversify their production to include low-cost plants in countries other than
China, could together help India‟s
manufacturing sector to grow six fold by 2025, to $1 trillion, while creating
up to 90 million domestic jobs.
India is one of the largest
and fastest-growing markets for food and agricultural products in the world.
India is the world's third largest producer of food. Agriculture accounts for
about 16.1% of India‟s GDP. India has emerged as the largest milk producing
country, with annual milk production of over 100 million tonnes. This is
expected to grow to 135 million tonnes by 2015. The Indian retail market for
fresh fruit and vegetables is estimated at US$35 billion. Organised retailing
is US$73 million and growing at a rate of 30 percent. India has vast resources
of livestock, estimated at 485 million. In terms of population, India ranks
first in buffaloes, second in cattle and goats, and third in sheep. According
to a recent study by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
(FICCI) and Ernst & Young, the India food industry is set to grow by 42.5%
from US$181 billion now to US$ 258 billion by 2015 and by 76% to US$ 318
billion by 2020.
India: Global R&D
Hub
The Indian government has
put in significant effort in last 50 years to develop the scientific and
technical infrastructure of the country. With more than 250 universities, 1,500
research institutions and 10,428 higher -education institutes, India churns out
200,000 engineering graduates and another 300,000 technically trained graduates
every year. Besides, another 2 million other graduates qualify out in India
annually. The combination of state-of-the-art infrastructure and highly qualified
manpower ensures thatIndia is poised to be the next Global R&D hub. This is increasingly being observed in Industry as large MNCs including GE, Microsoft, Bell Labs etc have opened there R&D Centers in India – a first outside US for most of these companies. More than 100 multinational companies (MNCs), including Delphi, Eli Lilly, Hewlett-Packard, Heinz, Honeywell and Daimler Chrysler, have set up (R&D) facilities in India in the past few years. For some, such as the US$12.6 billion Akzo Nobel's car-refinishes business, the center came even before the company began selling its products in India. This makes India second only to USA and ahead of other more established hubs, such as Japan, Israel and Western Europe, and China.
No comments:
Post a Comment